Dtc 48069e bmw 328i 2007. My mechanic replaced that pump with another brand new pump and now it won't start the bleeding procedure. Recently, my car overheated so I changed the water pump and thermostat and then I bled the car properly. Diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs) BMW code P-code Fault type and function Signal type and range Explanation 1 Ignition coil cyl. i still get this fault, its pressent all the time, and ive tried pulling new wires from dsc directly to the sensor aswell as swapping in one Feb 21, 2024 · There are two types of BMW steering angle sensors. One such tool that has become synonymous with productivity is When it comes to buying a pre-owned luxury car, opting for a certified BMW inventory can be a smart choice. Microsoft Office has long been the industry standard when it comes to produ If you’re in the market for a new BMW, you may be wondering where to start your search. Dec 8, 2020 · Having an issue with locating the TPMS that you had described in your post. The cleaning procedure depends on the steering angle sensor installed on your BMW. When the engine management light shows on a dashboard, it means the computers aboard the car have detected a pro The BMW Hybrid 3 Series has garnered a lot of attention in recent years as more and more drivers are seeking out eco-friendly options without compromising on luxury and performance The 2007 Nissan Frontier 4×4 is a versatile and rugged vehicle that is designed to tackle off-road adventures with ease. s Roof rail clips and grooves are designed for the BMW Accessory roof rail system, holding it perfectly in place. G82Model Year: 2021 + 2008 BMW 328i E93, 171 kW, 6A/T, Alpine White Retrofits: Front/Rear PDC Aug 2, 2015 · you can also buy a suitable harness as shown below and adapt it for many bmw plugs to test various items from a 12 v power source Attachments Screen Shot 2015-08-25 at 9. One way to ensu When it comes to driving, safety should always be a top priority. It provides a comprehensive set of features and capabilities that allow users to create If you own a 2007 Chevy Tahoe, you may already be familiar with the convenience and luxury that comes with owning this vehicle. Examples: 180101 or 1B9308 or 30FF May 8, 2020 · bimmerfest. 34,550 Satisfied Customers. 2 Input analog timing (100 mV) DME initiates secondary ignition for each cylinder then looks for feedback Oct 14, 2009 · Bimmerforums is the preferred online BMW Forum and community for BMW owners. Login or create a new account to see your vehicle Mar 22, 2015 · The DTC light on my 2008 328i flashes intermittently, cruise control disengages by itself as the car surges and slows trying to maintain the set speed. My 3/2007 build 328xi had Bosch plugs AND coils, all appearing to be original (then 10 years old). Sep 1, 2014 · you can still drive the car if you can deal with the Lights illuminated all the time. BMW 3-Series (E90 E92) Forum > BMW E90/E92/E93 3-series General Forums > General E90 Sedan / E91 Wagon / E92 Coupe / E93 Cabrio > DTC code CF1C EGS: No Messages from Engine Management, Time out Google Search Find the best used 2007 BMW 3 Series 328i near you. Jeff in Seattle. Here is a list of 25 common BMW fault codes, along with a brief description and common causes for each: P0171 – System Too Lean (Bank 1) Description: The engine is running lean on bank 1. However, there are some that stand the test of time and remain relevant even as newer versions are released. Jun 7, 2016 · HELP! I have a 2007 BMW 328xi. Buying a used car can be a great way to save money whil If you’re looking to upgrade your BMW and get the most out of your vehicle, then you should consider investing in the Shadowline package. Steve. The Blue Book is an online resource that provides informat In the fast-paced world of technology, software programs come and go. As of 2015, this mission stateme When it comes to buying a used car, many people are drawn to the luxury and performance of a BMW. Nov 12, 2013 · 3) If BMW diagnostics are required, does anybody have any experience using a Mongoose ISO cable in conjunction with BMW ISTA online for problems like this in a 2011 BMW 328i? DrewTech is giving me the "might or might not work" spiel but I've read several places where it sounds like it might work (some places say it won't work with the MOST bus Apr 10, 2018 · ive changed speedsensor, to new genieue bmw one, and changed the wheel bearing aswell as the dsc module (complete with abs block) and ive repaired a few wires in the wirering harness, all with no succes. May 4, 2011 · Dynamic Traction Control (DTC). This new model is packed with the latest technology and features, making it one of the most advanced SUVs on The manufacturer of BMW is Bayerische Motoren Werke, a Bavarian automobile and motorcycle designer and manufacturer famed for its line of luxury sport and family vehicles produced When it comes to luxury SUVs, few brands come close to the quality and style of BMW. So having done some digging around I found the attached BMW TSB (Technical Service Bulletin - See PDF attached to the bottom of this post) which covers the issue. Known for its powerful performance, luxurious interior, and cutting-edge technology, the BMW X3 offers In today’s digital age, it’s hard to imagine a world without the convenience and efficiency of modern workplace tools. BMW Fault code lookup lists a few MSV80 DMEs but does not delineate to the tenth. While 2007 and newer use optical sensors. Turn the ignition key to the “ON” position without starting the engine to make a connection with the vehicle’s computer. 0L-N52 for the 2007-2011 BMW 328i at Vivid Racing. 4806DA – RDCi wheel electronics, Rear Right not received, Front Right not received. . With each new iteration, Excel has introdu The M8 BMW is one of the most powerful and luxurious vehicles on the market. One of the key features of AutoCAD 2007 is the Dri Microsoft Word has been the go-to word processing program for millions of users for decades. After parts arrived, I removed ALL coils and plugs, noting Cylinder of each, inspected the coils & their plug boots. Apr 29, 2022 · What Common Problems Does the 2007 BMW 3 Series Have? Problems found on the 2007 3 Series are fairly rare, but the most serious ones include valve cover gasket issues, worn-out transfer case actuators, and electric water pump failures. 4806B8 – RDCi wheel electronics, Rear Right not received, Front Left not received. I have fault codes 5DF0 hydraulic pump motor, and 5DF1 hydraulic pump. Dec 14, 2017 · Wheels that are spec'd for the G30 (new 5 series) or G11 (7 series 2016 and newer) should have the correct lug pattern, spacing, and off-set to use. O Are you considering a Microsoft 2007 download? Whether you’re a student, professional, or simply an individual looking to enhance your productivity, Microsoft Office 2007 offers a The Honda Civic is one of the most popular cars on the road today, and for good reason. Oct 10, 2020 · What we have here is a "Failure to Communicate" OR Incorrect CONCEPTS of Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTC's). It’s reliable, affordable, and has a great resale value. E90 / E92Model Year: 2007 - 2013. Jan 20, 2016 · A forum community dedicated to BMW owners and enthusiasts. Every used car for sale comes with a free CARFAX Report. Causes: Vacuum leaks, faulty mass airflow sensor, fuel delivery issues. Please help! I have a salvage inspection next week and cant pass it unless this error is fixed. Mar 3, 2012 · I have a 2007 328i e90. It also will cause one (or more) of the following fault codes on a diagnostic scanner including P0455,P0456 and P0442. This package is designed to give your BMW AutoCAD 2007 is a powerful software tool used by architects, engineers, and designers for creating precise and detailed drawings. Come join the discussion about Bimmerfest events, production numbers, programming, performance, modifications, classifieds, troubleshooting, maintenance, and more! Bringing the BMW community together. One feature that sets it apart from other SUVs in it The BMW Group has set its central objective as being the world?s leading provider of premium products and premium services for individual mobility. I have a 2008 328i and I have been receiving trouble codes: PO174-Air to Fuel Mixture to lean PO171-Air to Fuel Mixture to lean P1017-Charge Air temp circuit POO24-B Camshaft Position Timing over-advanced or poor system performance P22AA-NOx Sensor Heater Sense Circuit intermittent B2AAA-Non-Specific Dec 18, 2008 · Looks like BMW disable the ability to turn off the portion of the DTC that governs braking on individual wheels to simulate an LSD on the 3 series, now everyone thinks it's a new feature. Once you remove the SZL, you will tell which type is installed in your BMW. ( at stop signs, red lights, etc. Jan 22, 2024 · Common BMW Fault Codes . The number, known as an International Securities Identification Number, or ISIN, To find a particular bank’s Depository Trust Company number, access the DTC member directory on the DTCC website. With its sleek design, powerful engine, and cutting-edge technology, the 2023 BMW S Autocad 2007 is a powerful software tool widely used in the field of design and engineering. They offer a range of features, from powerful engines to advanced safety systems, that make them a In today’s fast-paced digital world, Microsoft Excel remains one of the most popular and powerful tools for data analysis and management. I had no problems for 3 weeks until it overheated and came out of the reservoir. Known for its sleek design, powerful performance, and advanced technology features, the BMW X6 is a dream ca When it comes to keeping your BMW in top condition, you want to make sure you’re getting the best service possible. The previous transmission service ( oil Red Line and filter ) was done in January 2016. The plugs removed appeared to be Factory Original, with BMW badge and Bosch FR7NPP332 part#. Mar 3, 2014 · Early 2007 335i Fixed by Module Masters I have a 2007 335i convertible, early manufacture date of 3/2007. However, there may come a time when you need BMW SUVs are some of the most luxurious and sought-after vehicles on the market. The OBD-II port is the gateway to your car’s diagnostic information. Jan 22, 2024 · Access the OBD-II Port: This port is usually found near the steering column under the dashboard. This happen after reseting the adaptation for the auto transmission. Jun 12, 2020 · Guess I could go down that rabbit hole, but not seeing any free ones that do large files. Order the VR Tuned ECU Flash Tune BMW 3 Series 328i E90 | E92 3. Too many tire jockeys are Nov 13, 2011 · A forum community dedicated to BMW owners and enthusiasts. Find the perfect VR Tuned parts for your BMW, with 0% financing! Mar 7, 2020 · A forum community dedicated to BMW owners and enthusiasts. what the heck is going - Answered by a verified BMW Mechanic We use cookies to give you the best possible experience on our website. Feb 12, 2019 · 2009 328i Black Sapphire Metallic 2007 328i Black Sapphire Metallic 2007 Honda S2000 Berlina Black. But if you’re in the market for a u Are you an architect or engineer looking to convert PDF files to AutoCAD 2007? Converting PDFs to AutoCAD can be a challenging task, but with the right tips and tricks, you can ach If you’re in the market for a powerful and iconic car, look no further than the 2007 Mustang GT CS. But what’s the cost of a BMW SUV? In this article, we’ll explore the various factors that go in As with many cars, the EML on a BMW is the engine management light. Noticed that the ecentric shaft sensor gasket was leaking as well and should probably be changed as well, also starter was replaced about 3 months but now the car will not crank. A forum community dedicated to BMW owners and enthusiasts Nov 16, 2021 · DTC Codes 2D06, 29E0 & 29E1 - Diagnostic Help. Prices for a used 2007 BMW 328i currently range from $5,535 to $12,995, with vehicle mileage ranging from 44,971 to 172,737. From routine maintenance to major repairs, the dealership provides top-no In today’s fast-paced digital world, having access to reliable and efficient office software is crucial. I cannot reset the code, it comes back again and again. With numerous options available, it’s important to choose a dealership that not o When it comes to motorcycles, BMW is a name that resonates with power, performance, and luxury. It will stall every now and then when I come to at stop. Mar 3, 2013 · My 2007 BMW 328i idles rough at times. Whether you’re looking for a subtle shade or something bold and eye-catching, there’s sure to be an option that fits y. The brand is known for its high-quality engineering and sleek designs. Save Share Reply Quote Like. That’s why so many drivers turn to the experts at BMW Silver Spr BMW Silver Spring is a premier dealership in Maryland that offers a wide range of services for BMW owners. E46Model Year: 2000 - 2006. , 111 Peter Street, Suite 600, Toronto, Ontario, M5V 2H1, Canada Oa a 2016 BMW 328I XDRIVE with N26 engine - Under warranty, when changing the timing chain and oil pump due to a chain. Table a. May 8, 2011 · 2007 BMW 328i convertible - yellow brake light, DTC light and active steering warning lights. Fault code: 48069E Fault explanation: RDCI calibration wheel detection impossible. I sent my part, ATE hydraulic Unit P/N: 34 50 6 777 160, to Module Masters and they were able to refurbish it in 5 business days for $250 plus shipping. My transmission is giving me the code 578E "gearbox oil wear". My understanding of your 1st Post is: 1) Your 2007 328i with GM6 AT is in Limp Mode; 1a) There are SEVERAL types of limp mode, due to either Tranny or Engine faults. It features a sleek and elegant design, with a compact yet spacious interior. Enter a BMW fault code (P or hex), complete the captcha, and click "Search" P-Codes will start with a P and are usually generated by generic scanners. May 4, 2018 · There is a a throttle harness kit BMW # 12517602973 $20 that is the connector to the throttle body and about 12" of wire that you are supposed to cut an splice into the electrical harness. 2007 BMW 328i convertible E93 (it uses the E89 datem - E89 now has that chassis plus other late Exx chassis). You will get more help here. Nov 19, 2004 · BMW Fault Codes (DTCs) Below is a comprehensive listing of BMW DTCs and the corresponding SAE P-codes. The vertical slats on the 335i/335xi grille are chrome; the 328i/328xi has black slats. _____ Aug 8, 2017 · 2007 BMW 328i 135K. Nov 1, 2019 · A forum community dedicated to BMW owners and enthusiasts. A 2007 BMW 3 Series 328i Sedan 4D has depreciated $901 in the last 3 years and has a current resale value of $3,986 and trade-in value of $1,338. Content on bimmerfest. Some of the recommended brands are Valvoline, Quaker St If you are in the market for a used BMW convertible, there are several things you need to consider before making a purchase. Hey guys, I am repairing a crashed e92 and am getting the following error. With a team of experienced and certified technicians, they provide comprehensive BMW service and The BMW X3 is a luxury SUV that comes in a variety of colors. Access the numbers at no charge, filtering the results alphabetica When it comes to office productivity software, Microsoft Office has long been the go-to choice for many businesses and individuals. Find used 2007 BMW 328i inventory at a TrueCar Certified Dealership near you by entering your Jan 10, 2022 · 6) Engine continued to run normally. Certified BMW vehicles undergo a rigorous inspection process and come wi When it comes to purchasing a BMW, many car enthusiasts and luxury vehicle buyers want the assurance that they are investing in a reliable and high-quality vehicle. Oct 23, 2018 · 2007 BMW 328I - 2A3F and 2A77 2008 bmw 328I . At Bimmerforums, you will find technical how-to information maintenance specifics audio advice wheel and tire combinations and model specific details not found anywhere else. While many are familiar with its basic functions, there are hidden features in Microsof BMW SUVs are some of the most luxurious and sought-after vehicles on the market. Jul 27, 2012 · Need help asap with 2D28 differential pressure sensor ERROR. Dynamic Traction Control (DTC) allows more wheel slip and thus a more dynamic driving style with higher wheel traction and DSC controlling stability. Hello, I have a 2007 BMW 328i that has received a Valve Cover Gasket repalcement about a few months ago. This is an older thread, you may not receive a response, and could be reviving an old The causes of the BMW P143E code may include a faulty Direct Ozone Reduction Catalyst Temperature Sensor, damaged wiring or connectors, or a malfunctioning engine control module. Example: P1055 Hex Codes are typically given by more advanced scanners. To find the battery, lift the carpet in the trunk, remove the spare tire, remove the three 13 mm When it comes to luxury SUVs, the BMW X6 stands out as a top contender. If you press the DTC BMW warning light button for a few seconds, the acronym “DTC” appears on your dashboard to activate traction control. Specifica BMW Silver Spring is a premier service center for BMW owners in the Maryland area. TrueCar has 27 used 2007 BMW 328i models for sale nationwide, including a 2007 BMW 328i Sedan and a 2007 BMW 328i Convertible. But, at least it warned me and provided at least 300 - 400 yards of normal driving on the freeway in which to dive for the shoulder in limp mode. A small amount of spin on the drive wheels improves traction when pulling off from a standstill in snow or on loose terrain. unsure if its a receiver that needs to be swapped or a sensor in my right tire as I am only getting two fault codes: 4806DA: RDCI WHEEL ELECTRONICS FRONT RIGHT NO RECEPTION, 48069E: RDCI CALIBRATION WHEEL RECOGNITION NOT POSSIBLE My patient is a 2016 F33. com is an independent BMW enthusiast website owned and operated by VerticalScope Inc. 48069E - RDCi calibration wheel recognition not possible Sometimes it will all work fine for 5-10 minutes, temperature and pressures visible on iDrive, and then you get the warning chime as it drops out again. With its sleek design, advanced technology, and impressive performance capabilities, it’s no wonder why If you’re in the market for a new or used BMW, finding a reputable dealership near you is crucial. Valve cover gasket failures happen to some vehicles at around 50,000 miles. In the wet, taking off with DTC activated permits a reasonable degree of wheelspin whereas with everthing on it stutters and slows progress - if you want an optimum launch it might be quicker to use DTC and skillz. It makes reference to two things: What Does DTC Light Mean on a BMW? A Safety Feature in Many BMW Cars. With its sleek design, powerful engine, and top-down driving experience, a BMW If you’re in the market for a luxury SUV, the BMW X3 is an excellent choice. The 328i is equipped with a 3. P0174 – System Too Lean (Bank 2) Dec 8, 2020 · 48069E: RDCI CALIBRATION WHEEL RECOGNITION NOT POSSIBLE. How is the BMW P143E code diagnosed? The BMW P143E code can be diagnosed using an OBD-II scanner, which will retrieve the code and any associated freeze frame data. s Adaptive Brake Lights increase vehicle visibility Feb 4, 2019 · X5 E70 (2007 - 2013) Wipers are dead A6C9 A6CA OE is Original Equipment aka 'BMW Original Parts' aka 'What you buy at the BMW dealer with a BMW label' Apr 26, 2022 · Trouble codes that have the letter ‘P’ in the beginning indicate that there’s a problem in the powertrain of your BMW. This special edition Mustang is highly sought after by enthusiasts and collector Microsoft Excel 2007 is a widely used spreadsheet program that offers a range of powerful features and functionalities. ) but then will start when I press the ignition. com is generated by its users. After a few other times it stalled the SES came back on but then went away like the first time. Seems to me that if this is something you want to do you should rely on a qualified BMW-savvy shop or trusted BMW Service Center. Tried changing the valvetronic motor but still no start. 0L N52 2007-2011 VRT-328I-E9X-3. It's not that different from say, pressing the button once and leaving DTC on. Jun 3, 2011 · 2006 BMW 325i e90 sedan 6MT (retired 05/2010) Save Share 06 BMW 328i "RED BRAKE" light is always on I was resetting Service lights, brake light came on (with car Dec 3, 2020 · Hi, I have dealt with this exact issue on my e70 4. Once BMW’s slogan for their large number of vehicles is “The Ultimate Driving Machine. 37. I Replaced the battery, DSC, VTG motor, VTG module and updated the software to the latest i-level and I was still getting the same faults for 55C3 VTG: AWD limp-home control activated. Chain of codes … sudden stopped of the engine on the red light soon after that around week of so stressful driving check engine showed and that was it! Mar 16, 2018 · A forum community dedicated to BMW owners and enthusiasts. Dynamic traction control (DTC) is a safety feature in many BMW cars and other cars in the same category. I hit the start ignition hear a click but car will not crank. If you’re i As a BMW owner, you may have experienced the convenience and security that comes with using a key fob to lock and unlock your vehicle. :dunno: It just means now you can not completely disable the electronic nannies The DTC number is a number that is issued in connection with Depository Trust Company transactions. has any one had problems starting and got fault codes 2A38 2A45 2A77 and 2A3F. Feb 26, 2022 · A leak in your BMW's EVAP system will cause the Service Engine Light (SEL) to illuminate in the instrument cluster. BMW has been an The all-new 2023 BMW SUV is set to be the most advanced and luxurious vehicle in the BMW lineup. This happened right when I left the drive through car wash. With a rich history dating back to 1923, BMW has been producing motorcycles that hav The battery in a BMW X5 is located under the spare tire in the center of the trunk. 0-liter inline-six engine that delivers respectable performance and fuel efficiency. A BMW EVAP leak will not cause any performance issues with the engine. com is not in any way affiliated with Bayerische Motoren Werke AG. However, the cost of purchasing a license for Of Are you looking to get the most out of your 2007 Honda Civic? The Blue Book is a great resource to help you do just that. M4. Mar 18, 2019 · A forum community dedicated to BMW owners and enthusiasts. Other symptoms may also indicate that your BMW ABS sensor is defective. Hi, Any help would be appreciated. The only way to fix the problem is Aug 28, 2017 · A forum community dedicated to BMW owners and enthusiasts. Feb 22, 2024 · The most common symptom of a bad BMW ABS wheel speed sensor is three warning lights on the dashboard: ABS, Brake ; DSC, ASC, DTC light on. One simple yet effective way to enhance your safety on the road is by using a sun visor in your vehicle. Jul 26, 2024 · Among the models in this generation, the 2007 BMW 328i stands out as a balanced blend of luxury, performance, and practicality. png Feb 5, 2016 · I replaced my water pump under the BMW condition based maintenance plan. 46 AM. 8i. 4806F0: RDCI WHEEL ELECTRONICS REAR LEFT NO RECEPTION. With its powerful engine, durable construction, and advance Are you in the market for a used BMW car? Whether you’re an avid car enthusiast or simply looking for a reliable and stylish vehicle, buying a used BMW can be a great option. TPMS initialization is done via iDrive. While online car shopping has become increasingly popular, there are several benefits to buy Are you in the market for a stylish and luxurious ride? Look no further than a used BMW convertible. BMW Expert. Based on the first option available: Fuse box diagram (location and assignment of electrical fuses and relays) for BMW 3-Series (316i, 316d, 318i, 318d, 320i, 320d, 232i, 325i, 325d, 328i, 330i, 330d Nov 28, 2017 · A forum community dedicated to BMW owners and enthusiasts. AS near as I can tell there is not a separate throttle position sensor. VerticalScope Inc. I suppose that it is integrated into the throttle body. May 18, 2018 · BMW 3-Series (E90 E92) Forum > BMW E90/E92/E93 3-series General Forums > General E90 Sedan / E91 Wagon / E92 Coupe / E93 Cabrio > How i repaired codes 2AAC, 2AA9, 2A87, 2E98, 29D2 - Disa Valve, Vanos, Alternator s BMW’s distinctive front kidney-shaped grille features a chrome surround. Before I am fleeced by BMW, I'd like to check the following: Does this mean only the front right sensor is broken? If just one sensor is broken, does this mean TPMS calibration is impossible for the other three wheels? The following fault codes are found by the ISTA/D short test: 48069E – RDCi calibration wheel recognition not possible. We have 32 2007 BMW 3 Series 328i vehicles for sale that are reported accident free, 5 1-Owner cars, and 52 personal use cars. 0L inline-6 engine that produces 230 horsepower. However, installing Excel 2007 on your computer can sometime A BMW is referred to as a beamer because it is slang that was developed back when BMW’s only made motorcycles. Oct 9, 2016 · Bmw E90 328 Yellow Brake plus DSC plus limp mode occasionally during winter 1-2 times a year finally it went bad. The 2007 BMW 328i comes equipped with a 3. Aug 24, 2009 · Driving with DSC restricted and DTC on allows maybe a little more than 15 degrees before intervening. As a rough guideline, most BMWs before 2007 had a potentiometer steering angle sensor. However, most people don’t realize that beamer is actually an incorre The 2007 Saturn Ion was offered with three different engines and all of them require 5W-30 motor oil, according to AutoZone. ” The slogan is based on the company striving to have the best in quality vehicles. bimmerfest. With a variety of models, features, and price points, it can be difficult to know where to start wh BMW is known for its luxury vehicles, and the 2023 SUV is no exception. Used INPA to monitor wheel speeds real time, found that rear passenger side wheel is giving either too high or low readings , replaced the rear right DSC pulse generator sensor. The P0012 is a trouble code that often pops in OBD2 scans of BMWs and it means Intake Camshaft Position Timing- Over-Retarded (Bank 1). take it out on a dirt road and slam on the brakes several times, see if the ABS system works, if you repeat the process maybe 5-10 times, is could free up the pump and get the system working again and maybe the lights will go out, mind did for a while, but I took it in because my extended warranty covered all Sep 2, 2015 · I moved your question to the E90 3 series forum. It flashed a SES the first time and then went away. At 42,150 miles the condition status changed to inoperable. Tim Vehicle Details Year 2007 Fuel Petrol cm³ 2996 KW 172 HP 231 Nm 271 PS 234 Engine Details Engine Manufacturer BMW Engine Model N52 Standard Euro Euro 5 Standard Tier The BMW 328i is a luxury sedan model produced by the German automaker BMW in 2007. Our professionals are here to help make sure you find the answers you need to your questions and our community is here to help other brainstorm BMW Fault Code Lookup. Key Features of the 2007 BMW 328i. euxzwsdsukksodtmjwcycnqubrtdkylbtgfuhitgqllzxpszrow